The most notorious evil that impairs the toughness of hardened steel is a large prior austenite grain size, which promotes brittle fracture along the former austenite grain boundaries. However, when the grain size is smaller than a critical value, intergranular fracture does not occur, and the steel reaches its maximum toughness. The critical value depends on several factors. The most important are hardness, along with P and S impurities, which can weaken prior austenite grain boundaries. In modern steel, Mn additions neutralize S, and P content is kept very low, leaving hardness as the determining factor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The higher the hardness, the smaller the critical grain size. It is about ASTM 10 for hard steels. 80CrV2 achieves this easily, while ordinary carbon steel often fails to do so. Thus, 63 HRC is a usable hardness for 80CrV2 blades, but it might be too much for carbon steel blades. At softer tempers, the critical grain size is larger. Medieval European swords were spring-tempered, having a hardness of about 50 HRC. At this lower hardness, 80CrV2 offers hardly any advantage over ordinary carbon steel. Ultimately, 80CrV2 is the most forgiving and reliable steel if you want to make a blade that is very hard but also tough.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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